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The Tower of Babel: The History of the Search for the Legendary Biblical Building

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The Tower of Babel: The History of the Search for the Legendary Biblical Building

De : Charles River Editors
Lu par : KC Wayman
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In the Christian West, the Tower of Babel presents itself as a “double object”: a building that really existed, the ziggurat of Babylon known as Etemenanki, and a Biblical story of barely nine verses (Genesis 11:1-9) that has produced more than two thousand years of literary and artistic imagination. This twofold nature is what makes Babel difficult to grasp. Archaeology has dug up foundations of clay and brick on the plain of Shinar and found a monumental structure troubled by subsidence, while in people’s heads, there was an almost immortal tower, floating between the Earth and sky, destined to remain unfinished.The dialectic between “history” and “myth” is the key to this book. It runs along the border between the physical reality of the ruins, made of mud brick and bitumen, and the ideological superstructure that has bent their outline out of shape. As Mario Liverani observes, before the archaeological rediscovery of the 19th century, legendary cities such as Nineveh and Babylon existed for the West only as stage sets or painterly fantasies shaped by the condemnations of the Biblical prophets. Scientific rediscovery, which began with Robert Koldewey’s excavations at the start of the twentieth century, tried to return the myth to its historical dimension, and yet the stereotypes attached to Babel have proved remarkably resistant to demythologizing. The Tower remains suspended in that gap: a monument that defies the laws and a theological account of how humanity came to be split apart.In the Western imagination, the Tower of Babel is the archetypal symbol of hubris, the dispersal of people that follows it, and the failure of a collective project of unification. Jewish and Christian exegesis has traditionally read the builders’ attempt to “make a name” (shem) for themselves and to raise a tower “whose top touches Heaven” as an assault on divine sovereignty. In this ethical reading, the scattering of the peoples and the confusion of tongues are an exemplary punishment for human pride.However, recent scholarship has questioned this punitive approach. Theodore Hiebert argues that the story contains no moral condemnation at all, and that it works instead as an aetiology explaining the origin of cultural and linguistic diversity as part of God’s plan for filling the Earth. Despite this philological rereading, the history of reception has tied Babel inseparably to the idea of failure and punishment, an echo that still sounds in the masterpieces of Pieter Bruegel the Elder and in the apocalyptic visions of the modern age.©2026 Charles River Editors (P)2026 Charles River Editors Antiquité
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