A king who helped write the script for Salem. In this Time & Tales dark history episode, we go back to 1590s Scotland, where James VI—later James I of England—personally questioned accused “witch” Agnes Sampson, convinced that storms against his marriage voyage were assassination attempts raised by the Devil. From the North Berwick witch trials to his demonological handbook Daemonologie and the 1604 Witchcraft Act, we trace how one monarch’s fear turned into statute, culture, and a theological blueprint that framed witch-hunting as godly duty.

*This episode may supply a few controversial opinions-- to clarify, James' historically agreed-upon sexuality is not a crime. His treatment of individuals of similar sexuality, however, we find to be egregiously unjust. Additionally, we are not aiming to offend anyone's religion. Our views are not reflective of any group, merely a reflection on the actions of a few during this time period. Sources are listed for your further reading and ultimate judgment.

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Sources & Further Reading

Primary & Contemporary Texts

• James VI/I — Daemonologie (1597)
• Newes from Scotland (1591) — pamphlet on the North Berwick trials
• Thomas Potts — The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster (1613)
• Matthew Hopkins — The Discovery of Witches (1647)
• Cotton Mather — Wonders of the Invisible World (1693)
• Increase Mather — Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits (1693)

Statutes & Legal Context

• Witchcraft Act of 1604 (1 Jac. I c.12)
• Records of Scottish witchcraft prosecutions (North Berwick and beyond)
• Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) — witchcraft / “familiar spirit” clause
• Library of Congress — Salem legal framework and the end of spectral evidence

James’s Court & Sexuality (Context)

• G. P. V. Akrigg (ed.) — Letters of King James VI & I
• David M. Bergeron — King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire
• Michael B. Young — “James VI and I: Time for a Reconsideration?” Journal of British Studies

Secondary & Synthesis

• National Archives (UK) — Hopkins and Pendle trial materials
• National Library of Scotland — facsimiles of Newes from Scotland
• Encyclopaedia Britannica — entries on Daemonologie, Matthew Hopkins, and the King James Bible
• Stuart Clark — Thinking with Demons
• Lyndal Roper — Witch Craze
• Malcolm Gaskill — Witchfinders
• Marion Gibson — Witchcraft: The Evidence