In the face of continued government repression, the Iron Guard resorts to extreme retaliatory measures. After the Legion stages an ostentatious display of its growing power, the stage is set for a confrontation with Romania’s king, Carol II.

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Bibliography

Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015

Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015

Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990

Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023

Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.

Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970.

Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009

Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.

Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995

Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)

Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth)

The “Legion of the Archangel Michael” struggles to establish itself as a new force in Romanian politics. As the Legion builds up a strong coalition of disaffected groups within Romanian society, the authorities begin to crack down against the movement.

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Bibliography

Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015

Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015

Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990

Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023

Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.

Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970.

Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009

Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.

Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995

Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)

Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth)

Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and his associates face great trials in their efforts to solve the “Jewish Question” in Romania. When the political party they helped to found becomes irrevocably split, they take it upon themselves to form a new organization.

Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com

Podcast Website

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Bibliography

Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015

Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015

Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990

Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023

Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.

Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970.

Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009

Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.

Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995

Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)

Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth)

In the turbulent years following the conclusion of the First World War, a young Romanian law student named Corneliu Zelea Codreanu becomes utterly convinced that his nation is under threat by a Jewish-Communist conspiracy. Inspired by the success of the Italian fascists, Codreanu begins working to create a similar right-wing movement in his own country.

Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com

Podcast Website

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Bibliography

Clark, Roland. Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania. Cornell University Press, 2015

Codreanu, Cornelieu Zelea. For My Legionaries. Black House Publishing Ltd, 2015

Hitchins, Keith. A Concise History of Romania. Cambridge University Press, 2014

Ioanid, Radu. The Sword of the Archangel: Fascist Ideology in Romania. Columbia University Press, 1990

Iordachi, Constantin. The Fascist Faith of the Legion “Archangel Michael” in Romania, 1927-1941: Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge, 2023

Kaplan, Robert D. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. Picador, 2005.

Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas. The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania. Hoover Institution Press, 1970.

Tiu, Ilarion. The Legionary Movement after Corneliu Codreanu. Columbia University Press, 2009

Sturdza, Michel. The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania. Islands Publishers, 1968.

Sima, Horia. The History of the Legionary Movement. The Legionary Press, 1995

Cover Image: Romanian prime minister Ion Antonescu and deputy prime minister Horia Sima at a demonstration memorializing Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the late founder of the Iron Guard. (Bucharest, Romania. October, 1940.)

Closing Theme: “Sfanta Tinerete Legionara,” (Hymn of the Legionary Youth)

With his political fortunes waning in France, Lafayette decides to embark on a long-deferred trip to the United States. As one of the last surviving figures of the founding generation, Lafayette’s 18 month grand tour inspires some of the most rapturous celebrations in the young nation’s history.

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Bibliography

Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.

Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956.

Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021.

Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011.

Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837.

Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.

Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.

Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.

Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Once again restored to power in France, the House of Bourbon and their supporters work to reverse the enduring changes brought about by the revolution. Lafayette rallies his fellow liberals to oppose this reactionary agenda, but when legal methods of opposition prove ineffective, he is driven to increasingly seditious actions.

Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com

Podcast Website

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Bibliography

Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.

Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956.

Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021.

Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011.

Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837.

Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.

Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.

Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.

Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

In 1814, as Napoleon’s fortunes turn for the worse, Lafayette considers returning to politics. Unwilling to sit idle while the survival of the nation was at stake, he was determined to rekindle the flame of liberty- or at least to do what he could to avert a total catastrophe.

Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com

Podcast Website

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Bibliography

Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.

Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956.

Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021.

Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011.

Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837.

Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.

Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.

Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.

Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.

Regaining his freedom after five years in prison, Lafayette emerges into a world irrevocably changed by the revolution he helped put into motion. Now considered a political liability by the governments of both France and the United States, and with war continuing to rage across Europe, his future appeared more uncertain than ever.

Email me: perspectivesinhistorypod@gmail.com

Podcast Website

Follow me on Twitter

Facebook Page

Buy Some Used Books

Bibliography

Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. Vintage Books, 2015.

Babeau, Emile and Maurice de la Fuye. The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette. Thames and Hudson, 1956.

Duncan, Mike. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution. Hachette Book Group, 2021.

Israel, Jonathan. The Expanding Blaze: How the American Revolution Ignited the World, 1775-1848. Princeton University Press, 2011.

Kramer, Lloyd S. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier. Memoirs, Correspondence, and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, vols 1-6. Saunders and Otley, 1837.

Schama, Simon. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989.

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.

Woodward, W.E. Lafayette. Farrar & Rinehart, 1938.

Cover Image: Portrait of Gilbert Motier the Marquis De Lafayette as a Lieutenant General, 1791. Painting by Joseph-Désiré Court, 1834.

Closing theme: "Ça Ira" (It will be fine)- popular song from the French Revolution.