Andrew Keys found Ethereum before it launched, when ETH was around 30 cents. Eleven years later, he’s betting on a very different layer of the technology stack: AI infrastructure.

In Ohio, a former paper mill is being repurposed for AI compute. Keys says the first transaction represents roughly 10,000 GPUs, while Alignment Engine has disclosed $1.17 billion in four-year AI infrastructure orders. Amanda and Andrew get into why AI agents may need Ethereum to transact, whether open-source models crush proprietary AI economics, why ETH still has a value-capture problem, and whether ETH treasuries justify their costs versus staking-enabled ETFs.

Timestamps

00:00 Finding Ethereum Before Launch

02:54 Does the Machine Economy Need Ethereum?

04:44 x402 and Standards for AI Payments

06:37 AI Slop and the Provenance Problem

08:31 Music, IP and Onchain Attribution

10:53 Is AI Breaking the IP Regime?

13:11 Open Models vs. Proprietary AI

14:35 OpenAI, Anthropic and Open-Source Economics

18:50 The AI Infrastructure Spending Race

21:19 $1.17B in AI Infrastructure and 10,000 GPUs

24:50 Why AI Compute Could Need Ethereum

27:09 Turning GPU Compute Into a Market

31:19 If Ethereum Wins, Does ETH Capture Value?

36:11 Why the Ether Machine SPAC Was Terminated

39:28 Is the ETH Bear Market Over?

40:51 What Ethereum Can Learn From Hyperliquid

41:57 ETFs vs. ETH Treasuries

43:54 AI + Ethereum: Two Halves of One Economy

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“Thanks very much for several dozen pages of legally void correspondence. It will make excellent bedding for my pet hamster.”

That’s how Preston Byrne, the lawyer representing 4chan, responded to Britain’s internet regulator, Ofcom.

The dispute began after Ofcom targeted 4chan under the UK’s Online Safety Act. The regulator ultimately imposed £520,000 in additional penalties in March 2026, following an earlier £20,000 fine. Preston says the enforcement correspondence also threatened penalties of up to £18 million and potential imprisonment — against an American internet company with no presence, operations, or infrastructure outside the United States.

4chan and Kiwi Farms took Ofcom to U.S. federal court. On September 15, 2026, the case was dismissed on sovereign-immunity grounds because the court found it lacked jurisdiction. The ruling did not decide the underlying constitutional dispute over whether Ofcom’s orders could ultimately be enforced against protected activity in the United States.

In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt and Preston Byrne unpack what the UK’s Online Safety Act would require platforms like 4chan to change, why U.S. and British free-speech law diverge so sharply, and what happens when a foreign regulator claims authority over an American website.

They also discuss Brexit and tech regulation, why Preston tells founders to think carefully about where they build AI, crypto, and internet companies, and the GRANITE Act legislation introduced in the U.S. House aimed at limiting the domestic enforcement of foreign censorship orders.

The bigger question: can an open internet survive when governments around the world increasingly claim jurisdiction over what happens online?

Timestamps

00:00 Why Preston Byrne Represents 4chan

02:44 The UK Online Safety Act and Ofcom

06:11 Can UK Rules Reach U.S. Websites?

10:44 Why Preston Replied With a Hamster

15:33 What Happened in 4chan vs. Ofcom?

19:35 How U.S. Companies Respond to Ofcom

21:58 What Ofcom Wanted 4chan to Change

26:22 Free Speech in the U.S. vs. UK

31:19 Is There a Case for the UK Approach?

34:02 Why the Fight Became Personal

36:32 Is Preston Byrne a Free Speech Absolutist?

38:48 Who Tries to Control Online Speech?

43:42 Brexit, Europe and Tech Regulation

47:44 Where Should Tech Founders Build?

48:56 The GRANITE Foreign-Speech Shield

55:50 Can the Open Internet Survive?

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Malcolm and Simone Collins became known as prominent voices in the pronatalist movement. But today, much of their work is focused on a different question: what happens to humans, culture, education, and future generations as artificial intelligence transforms society?

In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt sits down with Malcolm and Simone to explore how AI is reshaping internet culture, why they believe the next major culture war is forming around artificial intelligence, and what it means to raise children in a world where machines may outperform humans at increasingly general tasks.

They discuss how they are preparing their own children for a post-AI economy, why specialization may become more valuable than being a generalist, and whether humans will remain economically necessary as AI agents become more capable.

The conversation also explores the evolution of internet subcultures, the rise of AI-generated media, effective altruism and “stellar humanism,” genetic technology, pronatalism, demographic decline, and the question at the center of it all: what kind of people and what kind of civilization will thrive in the future?

Malcolm and Simone also discuss their work with rfab.ai and how they think AI tools can expand individual creative and technological capabilities.

Timestamps

00:10 — Introduction

04:46 — From Tech and VC to Pronatalism

09:04 — Genetic Screening and the Origins of Their Movement

12:55 — How Internet Media Creates Celebrity

15:30 — Why Pronatalism Went Mainstream

20:10 — How Internet Subcultures Become Mainstream Culture

25:30 — Is AI the Next Culture War?

28:21 — Could AI Art Become Bigger Than Memes?

32:26 — Effective Altruism vs. Stellar Humanism

39:06 — Are Humans Being Replaced by AI?

43:24 — What Happens When Humans Lose Their Economic Advantage?

45:23 — Raising Children in the Age of AI

50:01 — Teaching Kids How to Use Technology Safely

52:29 — Should AI Uncertainty Change the Decision to Have Kids?

57:16 — Can Pronatalism Reverse Falling Birth Rates?

58:42 — Building Culture for a Post-AI Future

1:02:57 — Their Alternative to Modern Dating

1:03:00 — Building rfab.ai and an AI-Native Community

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Santiago R. Santos of Inversion was investing in DeFi before “DeFi” was even a widely used term. As a former partner at ParaFi and an early investor in projects including Aave, Arbitrum, and Polymarket, he watched Ethereum evolve from an experimental smart contract platform into the foundation of a massive onchain economy. But the growth of crypto has also changed his investment thesis.

In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt and Santiago R. Santos examine whether Ethereum can succeed while ETH captures less of the value created on top of it, why he expresses his long-term Ethereum thesis through Robinhood stock, and why he believes crypto is increasingly becoming a distribution race. They also explore what Santiago learned from betting on Western Union over Solana, why adding stablecoins to legacy businesses is harder than it looks, whether AI agents actually need crypto-native money, and how autonomous agents could choose between blockchains without the tribal loyalties humans bring to crypto. Finally, they discuss the evolution of prediction markets, why Santiago believes market integrity matters as platforms like Polymarket grow, and how prediction markets and 24/7 crypto markets could evolve beyond speculation into tools for insurance, hedging, and real-time risk management.

Timestamps

00:00 - Can Ethereum Win While ETH Loses?

00:36 - Investing in Aave Before DeFi Summer

05:06 - What Changed Santi’s Ethereum Thesis

10:30 - Can Ethereum Win While ETH Loses?

11:40 - Hyperliquid vs. Ethereum

13:44 - Is ETH Properly Valued Today?

18:16 - Where Crypto Networks Actually Capture Value

21:10 - Why Santiago R. Santos Owns Robinhood Instead of ETH

24:02 - Crypto Is Becoming a Distribution Race

27:37 - Why Santiago R. Santos Bet on Western Union Over Solana

30:30 - Why Adding Crypto to Legacy Businesses Is Hard

35:47 - Do AI Agents Actually Need Stablecoins?

40:42 - How AI Agents Will Choose Blockchains

45:27 - Why 24/7 Crypto Markets Matter

47:59 - AI Agents, Prediction Markets and Insurance

51:26 - Does Polymarket Need Insider Trading Rules?

59:15 - Prediction Markets Beyond Speculation

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What if we could select the optimal genetic traits for our children? In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt sits down with bioethicist and philosopher Jonathan Anomaly to explore the cutting edge of reproductive biotechnology.

They dismantle the social and political taboos surrounding genetic curation, tracing everything from the uncomfortable reality of cognitive capacities and human success to the macro ethical implications of advanced embryo selection. Jonathan argues why denying genetic influence is an intellectually dangerous myth and details how decentralized biotechnology will soon allow humanity to shift from being passive victims of natural selection to becoming its active architects. This is a raw, unfiltered conversation about modern inequality, human cognitive potential, and the existential risks of trying to optimize our own species.

Timestamps

00:00 Intro

04:59 What Does “Eugenics” Mean Today?

09:13 IQ, Personality & Cognitive Diversity

15:47 Are Intelligence and Personality Genetic?

18:11 Nature vs. Nurture: How Much Is Genetic?

20:35 Is IQ Really 70% Heritable?

22:50 Why IQ Matters for Embryo Selection

27:21 How Much Can Embryo IQ Actually Differ?

29:43 The Risks of Maximizing Intelligence

32:08 Should We Genetically “Optimize” Humans?

34:26 How Genetic Selection Could Change Dating

36:47 Sperm Donors, Genetics & the Future of Reproduction

39:07 Do Polygenic Embryo Scores Actually Work?

41:24 How Herasight Predicts Genetic Traits

43:46 The Genetic Data Gap Across Ancestries

46:06 IVG, Artificial Wombs & the Future of IVF

48:26 When Could “Babies From a Blood Draw” Arrive?

50:23 CRISPR, Gene Editing & Its Biggest Risks

52:52 Are We Going Too Far With Human Genetics?

55:07 Should Parents Prevent Genetic Disabilities?

56:29 The Ethics of Selecting Against Disease

57:45 The Hidden Risks of Genetic Selection

58:08 Should Genetics Be Left to the Free Market?

58:28 The Coming “Polygenic Revolution”

59:00 Can We Make Human Nature Better?

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Corporate metaverses failed the moment big tech tried to turn human connection into a closed retail space. In this episode of Endgame, Second Life creator Philip Rosedale joins Amanda Cassatt to explain why corporate giants spent $80 billion and still couldn't build a functional virtual world. Moving far beyond the surface-level hype of Silicon Valley, Philip exposes how algorithmic feeds and centralized interfaces are stripping away genuine human sovereignty, leaving us with a cheap illusion of agency.

They dive deep into the high-stakes ethics of emerging technology, explaining why corporate LLMs risk breeding digital demons if we continue to treat artificial entities as enslaved tools for profit rather than digital offspring. Discover why true digital freedom requires localized artificial life and persistent pseudonymity rather than surveillance state biometric scans.

Timestamp

0:00 – Welcome

3:01 – What did Second Life know 20 years ago that Meta still doesn't?

5:07 – The COVID-era logic that convinced everyone we'd all end up in the metaverse

7:17 – Why virtual worlds still can't replicate meeting a stranger in person

9:30 – Who actually stays in Second Life: repressive regimes and long-term escape

11:13 – Is staying in a virtual world for life a good thing?

13:19 – Do shooter video games actually teach transferable skills?

15:13 – Why women used Second Life more effectively than men

17:13 – Roblox, Minecraft, and the ethics of monetizing kids

19:13 – Why Second Life deliberately stores nothing about you: the case for pseudonymity

21:27 – Did Second Life become what Rosedale actually wanted?

23:24 – The night the community blew up his own nightclub

25:16 – Is technology pulling people together or tearing them apart?

27:42 – From Wikipedia optimism to "big tech has done nothing but harm"

30:03 – Are AI models conscious? Defining consciousness itself

32:21 – Marc Andreessen says there's no path to AI consciousness — does Rosedale agree?

34:45 – Will machines start demanding rights?

39:25 – "Awakening the Angels": should AI be unstoppable and unowned?

41:50 – "Machines are our children": raising AI as independent offspring

44:12 – What he's building at New Theory, beyond LLMs

46:23 – Artificial life, cellular automata, and the other path to AGI

48:41 – Fusing atoms and bits — and why crypto's obsession with "sovereignty" might be an illusion

50:15 – Closing case for nuance over Silicon Valley's binary thinking

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As chief cryptographer of Sui and Mysten Labs, Kostas Chalkias helped design a blockchain built on more than 100 published cryptography papers and an object-based architecture fast enough to let AI agents chain dozens of transactions into a single intent, without skipping the security research most "fast chains" leave out entirely.

In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt sits down with Kostas to break down why validators froze $163 million after the Cetus hack, why post-quantum migration can't wait for a crisis to force it, and why he thinks cryptographers now have exactly one place left to do their best work.

But the most unexpected part isn't the tech; it's the path. Chalkias was lecturing cryptography at universities in Dubai before spending three years building Facebook's ill-fated Libra project. He walked away from Meta because, in his words, it was too slow for how fast cryptography actually moves. Now he's chief cryptographer at one of the most talked-about L1s in the space.

Timestamp

0:00 – Is the quantum threat to Bitcoin and Ethereum real, or Sui's marketing wedge?

0:42 – Why every chain needs to start quantum migration now

2:32 – Why isn't a single top-40 blockchain quantum-safe yet?

7:52 – Why leave Facebook's Libra project to build another L1?

9:05 – Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana already won so why build Sui?

21:06 – Why has Sui gone down more than once?

24:33 – The Cetus hack: why validators froze $163M

27:01 – What can only be built on Sui's object-based architecture?

30:14 – Is Sui's confidential-transactions push just Tornado Cash with extra steps?

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Diogo Mónica co-founded Anchorage Digital, the first federally chartered crypto bank in the US, and now argues for a position most of Silicon Valley won't say out loud: America should be building closed AI, not open source.

In this episode of Endgame, Amanda Cassatt sits down with Diogo, Co-Founder of Anchorage Digital and General Partner at Haun Ventures, to break down why he thinks open-sourcing AI just hands China a free ride, why he calls AI "the ultimate weapon," and why he considers defending US AI intellectual property "perfectly legitimate."

They also discuss his board seat at Erebor, Palmer Luckey's new bank for crypto, AI, and defense companies; why stablecoins bridge crypto anarchism and financial regulation; and why he calls building in crypto an act of American patriotism.

Timestamp

0:56 – Kicking off with Katie Haun and Haun Ventures

2:13 – Reconciling his crypto-anarchist roots with his own philosophy

3:15 – Founding a regulated bank: Anchorage Digital

4:18 – Stablecoins: centralized control on decentralized rails

5:26 – Would a crypto anarchist say regulation just protects incumbents?

6:38 – Is building in crypto an act of American patriotism?

8:11 – Can crypto be "American-made" if it was born borderless?

13:25 – Introducing Palmer Luckey and the US-China AI/crypto landscape

14:21 – Is America on the right side of technology history?

15:39 – Why he believes America should build closed AI, not open source

16:31 – Does intellectual property even make sense in the AI age?

17:55 – Is the "China competition" narrative a political red herring?

18:18 – AI as "the ultimate weapon" and the end of mutually assured destruction

19:46 – Turning the protectionism question back on China (Google, Gmail, Twitter)

20:21 – Building Erebor: Palmer Luckey's bank for crypto, AI, and defense

22:55 – Toward a left-wing and right-wing version of every business?

24:14 – Crypto's real legacy: financial education for an entire generation

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