Épisodes

  • The Berlin Conference: The Anglo-Zulu War Connection

    The Berlin Conference: The Anglo-Zulu War Connection
    May 29 2026
    While earlier episodes covered the Berlin Conference's impact on West and Central Africa, this episode explores how the conference's rules shaped the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The story centers on King Cetshwayo kaMpande, the Zulu Kingdom, and the British ultimatum that triggered war. We examine how the conference's 'effective occupation' principle, formalized in 1884-85, was prefigured by British tactics in southern Africa. The episode covers the Battle of Isandlwana where the Zulu defeated British forces, the defense of Rorke's Drift, and the eventual British victory at Ulundi. We also discuss the fate of Cetshwayo, the partition of Zululand, and how these events influenced later colonial policies. Names and terms like Cetshwayo, Isandlwana, Rorke's Drift, Chelmsford, Bartle Frere, and the Zulu ibutho system are discussed. #BerlinConference #AngloZuluWar #Cetshwayo #Isandlwana #RorkesDrift #ZuluKingdom #BritishEmpire #FredericThesiger #BartleFrere #EffectiveOccupation #Ulundi #ColonialHistory #19thCentury #Imperialism #ScrambleForAfrica #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Anglo-Mandinka Wars

    The Berlin Conference and the Anglo-Mandinka Wars
    May 28 2026
    In this episode of The Berlin Conference series, Lucas and Luna explore the Anglo-Mandinka Wars, a series of conflicts between the British Empire and the Mandinka people of Sierra Leone and present-day Guinea. Centered on the figure of Bai Bureh, a skilled military leader who organized a guerrilla resistance against British colonial expansion, this episode covers the Hut Tax War of 1898, the tactical use of the dense West African terrain, and the cultural significance of the Mandinka warrior tradition. Lucas explains how the Berlin Conference's 'effective occupation' policy pushed the British to enforce taxation and control in the interior, leading to a brutal campaign that included the use of Maxim guns, the burning of villages, and the eventual exile of Bai Bureh. The episode also touches on the role of the Krio elite, the complexities of indirect rule, and the long legacy of resistance in Sierra Leone. A nuanced look at a lesser-known chapter of African resistance to European colonization. #AngloMandinkaWars #BaiBureh #HutTaxWar #SierraLeone #Mandinka #BritishEmpire #BerlinConference #EffectiveOccupation #MaximGun #GuerrillaWarfare #Krio #IndirectRule #1898 #WestAfrica #ColonialResistance #AfricanHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Maji Maji Rebellion

    The Berlin Conference and the Maji Maji Rebellion
    May 28 2026
    In 1905, German East Africa erupted in a massive uprising known as the Maji Maji Rebellion, a direct consequence of the Berlin Conference's partition of Africa. This episode explores how the imposition of German colonial rule through forced cotton cultivation and the hated hut tax sparked a desperate revolt led by Kinjeketile Ngwale, a spirit medium who promised his followers that magic water (maji) would turn German bullets to water. We trace the rebellion from its origins among the Matumbi and Pogoro peoples to its brutal suppression by Governor Graf von Götzen, using scorched-earth tactics that led to a devastating famine. Key figures like Gustav Adolf von Götzen, the military commander, and the devastating use of the Maxim gun are discussed. The episode also examines the rebellion's long-term impact on German colonial policy and its role in shaping Tanzanian national consciousness. We delve into the strategic miscalculations on both sides, the role of spirit mediums in African resistance, and the legacy of this often-overlooked uprising. #BerlinConference #MajiMajiRebellion #GermanEastAfrica #KinjeketileNgwale #GustavAdolfVonGötzen #MaximGun #ScorchedEarth #Tanganyika #Tanzania #AfricanResistance #ColonialHistory #CottonCultivation #HutTax #Matumbi #Pogoro #SpiritMedium #Famine #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    10 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Khoisan Genocide

    The Berlin Conference and the Khoisan Genocide
    May 27 2026
    The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 set the rules for Africa's partition, but its aftermath brought catastrophe to the continent's indigenous peoples. In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the often-overlooked genocide of the Khoisan peoples—the Khoikhoi and San—in German South West Africa, decades before the more well-known Herero and Nama genocide. Drawing on oral traditions, colonial records, and archaeological evidence, they discuss how European diseases, deliberate starvation, forced labor, and cultural erasure reduced a once-thriving population from perhaps 200,000 in the 1600s to a few thousand by the early 1900s. They examine the role of early Dutch settlers at the Cape, the expansion of German colonial rule after the Berlin Conference, and the specific policies that targeted Khoisan communities—including the infamous 'Hottentot Ordinance' of 1841 and the brutal suppression of the 1904-1908 uprisings. The episode also touches on the erasure of Khoisan history in colonial narratives and the modern struggle for recognition and land rights. A sobering look at a tragedy that the Berlin Conference set in motion. #BerlinConference #Khoisan #Genocide #GermanSouthWestAfrica #Khoikhoi #San #HereroNamaGenocide #HottentotOrdinance #CapeColony #DutchEastIndiaCompany #Colonialism #Africa #History #FexingoHistory #Namibia #SouthAfrica #OralHistory #CulturalErasure Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 min
  • The Berlin Conference: The Rise of the Congo Reform Association

    The Berlin Conference: The Rise of the Congo Reform Association
    May 27 2026
    In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the origins and impact of the Congo Reform Association, the first major international human rights movement. They discuss how E.D. Morel, a former shipping clerk, uncovered the brutal labor system in King Leopold II's Congo Free State, where Congolese were forced to harvest rubber under threat of mutilation and death. Morel's partnership with Roger Casement, a British consul who reported on the atrocities, sparked a global campaign that eventually forced Leopold to relinquish control of the Congo. The episode also covers the role of African testimony, the use of photography and lantern slides in advocacy, and how the movement influenced later humanitarian campaigns. #BerlinConference #CongoFreeState #CongoReformAssociation #EDMorel #RogerCasement #KingLeopoldII #RubberAtrocities #ForcePublique #HumanRights #ColonialHistory #Africa #19thCentury #Imperialism #Activism #HenryMortonStanley #HeartOfDarkness #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    9 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Discovery of Luba-Lunda

    The Berlin Conference and the Discovery of Luba-Lunda
    May 26 2026
    In Episode 59, Lucas and Luna explore a lesser-known dimension of the Berlin Conference: the European 'discovery' of the Luba and Lunda kingdoms in Central Africa. They trace how Portuguese, Belgian, and German explorers, including Henrique de Carvalho and Paul Pogge, encountered complex states like the Luba Empire under Ilunga Kabale and the Lunda Empire under Mwata Yamvo. The conversation examines how these ancient kingdoms were absorbed into the Congo Free State and Angola, the role of the Luso-African pombeiros, and the impact of the slave and ivory trades. Lucas also discusses the diplomatic strategies of Lunda rulers like Mwata Yamvo Mbumba and the tragic fate of the Luba king, Kasongo Kalombo. Along the way, the hosts reflect on the legacy of these encounters and the erasure of African political history in the colonial narrative. #LubaEmpire #LundaEmpire #MwataYamvo #IlungaKabale #KasongoKalombo #HenriqueDeCarvalho #PaulPogge #CongoFreeState #BerlinConference #Pombeiros #SlaveTrade #IvoryTrade #CentralAfrica #19thCentury #Colonialism #AfricanHistory #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    10 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Berlin Congo Act: Rewriting Africa's Rules

    The Berlin Conference and the Berlin Congo Act: Rewriting Africa's Rules
    May 26 2026
    In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Berlin Congo Act of 1885 — the treaty framework that emerged from the Berlin Conference. They discuss how the Act's principles of free trade, freedom of navigation on the Niger and Congo rivers, and the 'effective occupation' clause shaped the Scramble for Africa. The conversation highlights the role of key figures like Otto von Bismarck, who chaired the conference, and King Leopold II of Belgium, who manipulated the Act to secure his Congo Free State. They examine the Act's humanitarian clauses against the slave trade and its long-term impact on African sovereignty. Specific terms like 'basin of the Congo', 'sphere of influence', and 'uti possidetis' are explained in context. The episode also touches on the conference's omission of African voices and the legacy of partition lines drawn on maps in Berlin. #BerlinConference #BerlinCongoAct #ScrambleForAfrica #OttoVonBismarck #KingLeopoldII #CongoFreeState #EffectiveOccupation #GeneralActOfBerlin #FreeTrade #NavigationRights #SlaveTrade #UtiPossidetis #SpheresOfInfluence #ColonialHistory #19thCentury #Africa #EuropeanImperialism #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    7 min
  • The Berlin Conference and the Congo Reform Movement

    The Berlin Conference and the Congo Reform Movement
    May 25 2026
    In this episode of Fexingo History, Lucas and Luna explore the Congo Reform Movement, the international outcry against King Leopold II's brutal regime in the Congo Free State. They delve into the roles of E.D. Morel, a shipping clerk who noticed suspicious cargoes, and Roger Casement, whose 1904 report exposed atrocities including mutilation and forced labor. The conversation covers the founding of the Congo Reform Association, the use of photography and missionary testimonies, and the eventual handover of the Congo to Belgium in 1908. Lucas explains how the Berlin Conference's 'effective occupation' clause enabled Leopold's private fiefdom and how activists used humanitarian rhetoric to pressure governments. The episode also touches on the debate over whether this constituted genocide and the movement's legacy in shaping modern human rights advocacy. #CongoReformMovement #EDMorel #RogerCasement #KingLeopoldII #CongoFreeState #BerlinConference #ForcePublique #BrusselsConference1890 #HenryMortonStanley #GeorgeWashingtonWilliams #MarkTwain #JosephConrad #HeartOfDarkness #HumanitarianIntervention #ColonialAtrocities #19thCentury #History #FexingoHistory Keep every episode free: buymeacoffee.com/fexingo
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    6 min