Progress does not come from incremental improvement. It comes from people willing to build what sounds impossible.

In this episode of End of Limits, Pablos Holman breaks down how breakthrough technologies are actually created, using his own experience working with Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, and now as an investor. He explains why the biggest innovations are rarely solely software, how the majority of the world's industries are ripe for disruption, and why the future belongs to builders who are comfortable operating on a longer time horizon.

This is a conversation about what it really takes to move civilization forward and what we place value in as humans.

We discussed: ◽️ Why radical innovation requires outsiders ◽️ The difference between invention and optimization ◽️ AI’s role in accelerating scientific discovery ◽️ Why most moonshots fail ◽️ The hidden bottlenecks slowing global progress ◽️ How to think like a frontier technologist

Timestamps:

00:00 What real invention actually looks like0

9:10 Why institutions struggle to build breakthrough technology

18:30 AI, robotics, and why LLMs are not autonomy

27:45 Regulation, risk, and outlawing the wrong things

36:20 Open source, competition, and why tech empires fall

45:10 What to build next and where real progress will come from