Where did our genus Homo come from, and how confident are we about its earliest members? In this episode, we explore the fossil evidence for human origins with one of the researchers reshaping how we define our own genus.

Dr Brian Villmoare is a paleoanthropologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, whose research focuses on the origins of Homo, hominin craniofacial evolution, and the African fossil record. He is best known for his work at Ledi-Geraru in Ethiopia, which has played a key role in redefining what the earliest members of our genus looked like and how, and when, they evolved.

In this interview, Dr Villmoare shares his career journey and reflects on major figures who shaped paleoanthropology. He discusses what his research has found out about the emergence of Homo, how species boundaries are drawn in the fossil record, and how advances in biomechanics and analytical methods are improving our understanding of hominin cranial evolution.

The conversation also covers fieldwork across eastern and southern Africa, the evolutionary relationships of Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis, debates over Neanderthal taxonomy, and the most underrated fossil sites for understanding human evolution. Dr Villmoare also talks about his book The Evolution of Everything and reflects on challenges surrounding fossil access, digital data, and resource sharing in paleoanthropology.

How do slow lorises use venom, and what can these elusive primates tell us about evolution and conservation? In this episode of Our Primate Past, Anna Nekaris takes us inside the world of nocturnal primates, sharing her groundbreaking research and conservation work.

Professor Anna Nekaris OBE is a leading primatologist and conservationist whose pioneering research focuses on lorises and other nocturnal primates. She is particularly renowned for her work on slow loris venom, its ecological and evolutionary significance, as well as her studies of loris behavior and sociality, naming new taxa, and dedication to conservation and public outreach.

In this interview, Professor Nekaris shares her career journey, key research contributions, and perspectives on lorisoid evolution. She discusses the challenges of fieldwork on nocturnal species, the evolution of venom and the toothcomb, and how initiatives like the Little Fireface Project are helping protect these elusive primates. Conservation challenges, including the pet trade and the impact of social media on loris welfare, are also explored.

How do scientists decide what counts as a species in the fossil record? And how certain can we really be about our evolutionary family tree? In this episode of Our Primate Past, paleoanthropologist Bernard Wood explores the evidence behind some of the most debated questions in human evolution.

Professor Bernard Wood is a globally renowned paleoanthropologist whose work has reshaped how researchers classify hominin fossils and interpret evolutionary relationships. Over his career, he has redefined the boundaries of the genus Homo, made major contributions to our understanding of Paranthropus, and helped introduce rigorous phylogenetic methods into paleoanthropology.

In this interview, Professor Wood reflects on his career and most influential research contributions. He discusses the challenges of defining species in the fossil record, the evolutionary significance of Paranthropus and its extreme dental adaptations, and how advances in morphology and phylogenetic analysis have transformed the study of human origins. Topics also include the controversial Sahelanthropus femur, what Homo naledi and Homo floresiensis suggest about hominin diversity, and ongoing debates about fossil access.

Whether you are interested in human evolution, fossil interpretation, or how scientific classifications are built and revised, this episode offers a clear and thoughtful look inside one of paleoanthropology’s most influential careers.

Dr Catalina I. Villamil is a biological anthropologist whose research explores how the primate spine evolves and what it can tell us about the origins of bipedalism in humans. From living monkeys to fossil hominins, her work bridges genetics, anatomy, and evolution to explain how our backbone came to be.

Dr Villamil is Associate Director of the Laboratory of Primate Morphology at the Caribbean Primate Research Center, where she studies the heritability and phenotypic integration of the primate vertebral column. Her research uses one of the world’s most important long-term primate populations, the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques, to investigate how vertebral traits are inherited and constrained through evolution.

In this interview, Dr Villamil shares her career path and key research contributions, including why Cayo Santiago is so valuable for evolutionary and biomedical research. She explains how vertebral morphology is measured and analysed, discusses insights from her work on gibbons and fossil hominins, and explores what hybridization can tell us about primate evolution. The conversation also turns to the evolution of upright walking, the anatomical foundations of bipedalism, and how vertebral variation shapes locomotion.

She also reflects on her role as Associate Editor at the Journal of Human Evolution, the future of academic publishing, and the challenges and opportunities facing researchers today.

How did primates first evolve, and how did they spread across the globe? In this episode, Dr Matthew Borths takes us on a journey through the fossil record of Africa, Madagascar, and North America, explaining what ancient primates can tell us about our own evolutionary history.

Dr Borths, paleontologist and curator at the Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, shares his career path and what first inspired his passion for paleontology. He reflects on the historical figures who shaped the field and discusses major fossil discoveries from Wyoming, the Fayum Depression in Egypt, and subfossil sites in Madagascar. Topics include early primate evolution, the first monkeys, recently extinct giant lemurs, aye-aye evolution, and what these finds reveal about lost ecosystems. He also highlights the importance of public engagement, science communication, and connecting the past to modern conservation.