How Do I Get Past 1870?
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For most who trace an African American line, there is a wall, and it stands at 1870 — the first federal census to record our people by name, and for many, the last door still open. Before it, the enslaved were counted as property, not persons, entered as figures on a slaveholder's schedule. In this sitting I show you how to approach that wall without breaking yourself against it: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Freedman's Bank, cohabitation and voter rolls, and the patient work of naming the last enslaver, so the records they kept might speak. The wall is real. It is not always the end.
Resources to begin your search:
- FamilySearch (free) — familysearch.org — U.S. census records, including 1870, plus much of the Freedmen's Bureau collection.
- Ancestry (subscription; often free through your public library) — ancestry.com — the largest online collection of census and family records.
- National Archives (free) — archives.gov — Freedmen's Bureau records (Record Group 105) and Freedman's Savings & Trust Company (bank) records.
- Smithsonian NMAAHC — nmaahc.si.edu — searchable Freedmen's Bureau records and research guides.
Tip: start with the free sources, and check whether your local library offers Ancestry at no charge before you subscribe.