In this episode, Sam Ashoo, MD and T.R. Eckler, MD discuss the October 2025 Emergency Medicine Practice article, Emergency Department Evaluation and Management of Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency

Introduction

• Welcome and host introductions
• Brief overview of the episode’s topic
• Resources and CME reminder

Article Overview

• Source: Emergency Medicine Practice, October 2025
• Authors: The Simcoes
• Importance of evidence-based review

Clinical Context & Epidemiology

• Frequency and rarity of adrenal insufficiency
• Diagnostic challenges and statistics
• Importance of recognizing adrenal crisis

Pathophysiology

• Primary, secondary, and tertiary adrenal insufficiency
• Causes and mechanisms
• Key anatomical and physiological concepts

Differential Diagnosis

• Overlap with other diseases (infections, autoimmune, endocrine, psychiatric, cardiac, GI, etc.)
• Importance of considering adrenal crisis in complex cases

Prehospital Care

• EMS recognition and limitations
• Importance of medication history and emergency kits
• Legal and logistical barriers to prehospital hydrocortisone

Emergency Department Evaluation

• Recognizing symptoms and prioritizing care
• Role of EMR and clinical decision support
• Key history and risk factors (medications, steroid use, opioid use, comorbidities)

Physical Examination

• Specific and nonspecific findings
• Cushingoid features vs. primary adrenal insufficiency signs

Diagnostic Workup

• Laboratory studies (cortisol, ACTH, renin, aldosterone, TSH, etc.)
• Imaging considerations
• Gold standard tests and their limitations in the ED

Treatment

• Immediate administration of hydrocortisone
• Dosing for adults and pediatrics
• Supportive care (fluids, glucose, treating underlying cause)
• Sick day dosing and home management

Special Populations

• Pregnancy considerations
• Septic shock and adrenal crisis

Common Pitfalls & Takeaways

• Delaying steroids for labs/diagnosis
• Importance of high suspicion and early treatment
• Key trivia and learning points

ClosingSummary and final thoughts

• Reminders for further reading and CME
• Farewell and next episode teaser

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