Why are we so often in conflict – arguing with ourselves and with others, uncertain over who we are and what we want?

For thousands of years, writers, thinkers and philosophers have seen life as a battle between the guiding power of reason and a disruptive animal within. In a world where fierce culture wars and endless newsfeeds turn up the tension, how can we overcome our uncertainties and know the many sides of ourselves?

In The Animal and the Thinker, pioneering neuroscientist John Duncan lays out the principles, strengths and weaknesses of instinct and reason. Though often they are seen as rivals, each brings something essential to the human mind. Instinct struggles with modern civilisation – but brings value and meaning. Reason brings an infinity of new ideas – but alone is helpless. It is in their dialogue that we find answers to life’s biggest questions.

This book explains who we are and how our minds work, helping us understand why we are often faced with challenging conflicts in our lives and how we can navigate the eternal questions that shape us, such as:

· determining right from wrong

· balancing freedom with responsibility

· exploring the differences between men and women

· navigating democracy and justice

· choosing between ambition and fulfilment

The Animal and the Thinker offers a deeper understanding of the human condition and the mind so that we can better understand when to think fast and follow our instincts – and when, instead, we should temper our impulses with slower logical reasoning.

‘John Duncan is one of the most interesting and thoughtful scientists to tackle the complexities of the human brain’ Professor Sophie Scott CBE, University of London

‘A tour de force. John Duncan has marshalled his experience as a world-class cognitive neuroscientist and writes with an elegant clarity which is simultaneously thought-provoking and entertaining’ Professor Sir Simon Baron-Cohen, University of Cambridge

‘Electric ... a book full of good science, sage advice and deep understanding of the human condition’ Professor Robin Dunbar, University of Oxford

© John Duncan 2025 (P) Penguin Audio 2025