In this episode of our new show The 100 Year Thinkers, Chris Mayer and Robert Hagstrom explore how the words investors use quietly shape the decisions they make — often in destructive ways. From labels like “cheap,” “expensive,” and “compounder” to debates about valuation, concentration, and AI, the conversation digs into how language collapses uncertainty into false certainty. Drawing on general semantics, mental models, and decades of investing experience, they explain why confusing maps for reality leads investors astray — and how clearer thinking can change how you see markets, risk, and long-term returns.

Topics discussed include:

• Why paying 30x earnings can be rational when return on invested capital stays high

• How the word “is” smuggles hidden assumptions into investment decisions

• The difference between a company being a compounder and having compounded in the past

• Why valuation debates are really disagreements about time horizon

• The “map vs. territory” problem in financial statements and market data

• Market concentration, index construction, and why benchmarks can mislead investors

• How language shapes narratives around value, growth, and risk

• AI investing, capital allocation, and separating durable businesses from hype

• Why many binary true-or-false questions are traps for investors

• How long-term investors think in decades, not quarters