Their ship was crushed. Their supplies were dwindling. And nobody knew where they were.

In 1914, Ernest Shackleton and the crew of Endurance set out to cross Antarctica. Instead, their expedition became a desperate struggle to get home.

Trapped in pack ice, forced to camp on drifting floes, and eventually stranded on remote Elephant Island, the men faced one ordeal after another. Their chance of rescue rested on a small wooden lifeboat, an extraordinary navigator, and a journey across some of the roughest seas on Earth.

In this episode of History on Repeat, Luke Carroll follows Shackleton, Frank Wild, Frank Worsley and the expedition’s doctors through a remarkable story of endurance, leadership and men depending on one another when everything else had failed.

Featuring archival photographs by expedition photographer Frank Hurley, maps and illustrative footage.

If you enjoyed the episode, subscribe to History on Repeat and share it with someone who loves a good history story.

#Shackleton #Endurance #HistoryOnRepeat

How Stalin Defeated Trotsky: From Lenin’s Funeral to Assassination in Mexico (1924–1940)The episode opens with the 1940 assassination of Leon Trotsky in Mexico City by Ramon Mercader, a Soviet agent acting for Stalin, after Mercader gains access to Trotsky’s compound as “Frank Jackson” and strikes him with an ice axe. It then traces the political road to that moment from Lenin’s death: Trotsky missing Lenin’s funeral amid confusion over dates, Stalin’s major funeral speech elevating “Leninism,” and Lenin’s testament warning about Stalin’s power being contained within the party. The script explains the Triumvirate alliance of Stalin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev against Trotsky, the anti-“Trotskyism” propaganda campaign, Trotsky’s loss of the Red Army command, removal from the Politburo and Central Committee, expulsion from the party, internal exile, and eventual deportation abroad, culminating in Trotsky’s continued writing in Mexico and Stalin’s determination to silence him.00:00 Assassination In Coyoacan04:17 Stalin And Trotsky06:01 Missing Lenins Funeral09:37 Stalins Leninism Speech10:49 Lenins Testament Revealed13:02 Triumvirate Vs Trotsky22:04 Trotskyism Smear Campaign25:34 Losing The Red Army30:33 United Opposition Forms33:28 Expelled And Exiled38:10 Chased Across Exile41:12 Back To The Beginning41:29 Next Episode Tease

In this episode of History on Repeat, we trace Joseph Stalin’s rise from an obscure Georgian revolutionary to one of the most powerful men in the Soviet Union, before he had actually become dictator.We begin with Lenin’s warning about Stalin and work backwards to understand how Stalin became so difficult to remove in the first place.From the underground revolutionary movement and the Tiflis bank robbery, through the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Stalin repeatedly proves himself useful as an organiser, administrator and political operator. By the early 1920s, that usefulness has placed him at the centre of the Communist Party’s machinery.The key question is simple:What did being General Secretary actually allow Stalin to do?We break down the Party structure, the Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat, and look at how control over information, personnel, appointments and implementation gradually changed Stalin’s position inside the Soviet leadership.At the same time, Leon Trotsky remains the far more famous revolutionary and, on paper, one of the strongest candidates to succeed Lenin.Then Lenin falls seriously ill.As Lenin’s ability to control the Party disappears, Stalin’s organisational role suddenly becomes far more important than anyone expected. Lenin begins to worry about how Stalin is using that power and eventually leaves behind his famous warning to the Party.By January 1924, Lenin is dead.Stalin still hasn’t won.Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin all remain serious political contenders.But the succession struggle has begun — and Stalin is already sitting at the centre of the machine.Stalin: Rise of the Red Tsar — Lenin Warned Them About HimIf you enjoy long-form history focused on power, decision-making and why people acted the way they did, subscribe to History on Repeat for the next chapter.

00:00 Lenin Warns About Stalin

02:54 Stalin’s Early Life

03:55 Marxism and Underground Work

07:47 Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks

08:45 1905 Revolution and Violence

10:18 London Congress and Trotsky

13:56 Tiflis Bank Robbery

17:34 1912 Split and Central Committee

22:47 Nationalities Question

25:49 1917 Revolution and Pravda

32:56 July Days Power Vacuum

36:48 October Seizure and Civil War

40:58 Building Stalin’s Admin Power

45:07 Party vs Government Explained

51:32 General Secretary Role Created

54:20 How Appointments Build Control

58:57 Stalin Information Loop

01:00:11 General Secretary Advantage

01:02:22 Lenin Trusts Stalin

01:04:17 Lenin Stroke Fallout

01:08:53 Trotsky Refuses Deputy

01:11:39 Pravda Photo Politics

01:14:19 Georgia Nationalities Clash

01:18:57 Krupskaya Phone Blowup

01:22:14 Lenin Silenced Again

01:24:07 Congress Without Lenin

01:27:20 Lenin Testament Surfaces

01:30:49 Cave Meeting Compromises

01:34:46 Triumvirate Forms

01:37:13 Stacked Meeting Showdown

01:43:01 Lenin Last Kremlin Visit

01:44:28 Lenin Dies Trotsky Absent

01:48:35 Power Struggle Begins